Methodology, Data, and Terminology

This study builds upon qualitative and quantitative methods more inductively. In the first qualitative study, 35 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Afghan refugees who had already completed an asylum procedure, received temporary or permanent residence permits, or were already naturalized in Germany and the Netherlands to collect initial clues and generate hypotheses about the verbal and non-verbal behavior of public servants, which were perceived as critical and degrading by respondents in institutions. In the analysis, the actual legal status of respondents (permanent or temporary residence permit, naturalized) was taken into account to see which factors influence their experiences in and beyond institutions.