Introduction

The long-lasting political instability, insecurity, and state of transition since the Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 until today have triggered massive displacement and forced migration from Afghanistan. Although Pakistan and Iran have been the two immediate neighboring countries hosting the largest numbers of registered and unregistered Afghan refugees in Asia, Afghans have migrated and taken refuge in many other countries, including Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Today, with 8.2 million Afghans hosted in more than 100 countries around the globe, Afghans make up the world’s third-largest displaced population after Syrian and Ukrainian refugees.