Introduction

Quality education has been identified as a key goal for society and sustainable development globally (United Nations [UN], 2015). As education comprises a complex system with numerous stakeholders, interests, and relationships, education systems are constantly facing new challenges, such as dealing with heterogeneity, transforming learning and teaching to represent a digitized world, and mitigating the effects of a global pandemic like COVID-19 (Helmke & Schrader, 2022; Köller et al., 2019; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2017). This requires not only the adaptability of the educational system as a whole but also the particular competence and diverse skills of teachers as key actors in student learning success (Hattie, 2009).