Energy Storage Systems

This chapter covers the basics of electrochemical energy storage systems. The most important variants—lead-acid batteries, nickel–metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries—are presented in detail. The lithium-ion battery in particular has a variety of different materials for the anode, cathode, and electrolyte, resulting in some very different operating characteristics. Separate sections are devoted to the various charging methods, charge balancing between the various parallel-connected cells, cell designs, and the structure of battery storage systems (stack, battery management). Modeling the operating behavior of lithium-ion batteries as accurately as possible is necessary to control fast charging in such a way that no irreversible damage occurs. Suitable models are presented. In the final sections of the chapter, the hydrogen storage is discussed.