Management studies can be regarded as applied cybernetics because both disciplines are concerned with designing and steering complex and dynamic systems. All managers are cyberneticists, intentionally or otherwise, because they are trying to bring under control a system of incredibly high variety. According to a pioneer of management cybernetics, Stafford Beer (1966, 239), management is the mastery of “high variety systems”. As discussed above, even a medium-sized company has an incredibly large number of possible states. A manager will undoubtedly find indications in cybernetics as to how they can perform complex tasks.