Conclusion

State of health (SOH) forecasting of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) concerns the influence of battery usage on their SOH which is especially relevant for battery electric vehicle (BEV) fleets. Until now, applicability of SOH forecasting methods to BEV operation has been limited due to a) smaller operational variability from laboratory operation compared to real-world vehicle operation, b) assuming the same load during whole battery life, c) a focus of methods only on cells, but not on battery systems assembled in BEV, and d) a lack of transferability to different battery domains, e.g., new battery types or new operational domains. These limitations have been tackled by the SOH forecasting method presented.