Industrial usesPine oleoresin is an abundant source of useful terpenes. It has two major fractions: turpentine (volatile fraction) and rosin (solid fraction). A key element of tree defense, oleoresin is an important non-wood forest product because of the various conventional and potential uses of its terpenes. Oleoresin derivatives can be used by different industries, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, as well as by the chemical industry in the manufacturing of various products, such as paint, varnishes, adhesives, insecticides, and disinfectants. Biotic and abiotic factors that affect oleoresin production can be used to improve yields by promoting specific signaling and biochemical defense pathways. The genetic component of resin production capacity is also a useful means to increase yields. Oleoresin production strategies and the industrial applications of this complex blend of natural products are analyzed in this chapter.