Household production, or home production, encompasses various activities, such as cleaning, preparing meals, and child care. The ways in which women and men, particularly parents, divide their time between home production, work, and leisure varies substantially. Even though the majority of men and women agree that household production activities should be shared, there remains an unequal distribution of household tasks. At the same time, women, especially mothers, face substantial penalties in the labor market. This chapter begins by discussing the two main theories on household production: bargaining and exchange theories and the role of gendered expectations. Next, it summarizes the recent trends on time use and household activities from the 2023 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and places these trends in context with the existing empirical literature. It then discusses how gender differences in time use are reflected in the wage penalties experienced by mothers and the wage premiums experienced by fathers. The chapter concludes with policy implications based on these findings.