Lipoteichoic acids (LTA), polymers of repeating phosphodiester-linked polyols, are found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. Research on LTA structure, biosynthesis, and function has been examined in several organisms. These investigations revealed that LTA plays a critical role in maintaining cell shape and viability, regulating cell division and separation, contributing to envelope assembly, and supporting ion homeostasis and protein secretion across the envelope. Genetic, biochemical, and structural studies have shed light on the complexity of the enzymes and molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis, assembly, and modifications of LTA polymers. The inflammatory property and abundance of these polymers have been explored for their role on bacterial virulence and host immune pathogen interactions and as targets for the development of anti-infective, vaccine, monoclonal antibody, and immune therapeutics in order to address important unmet clinical needs for the treatment of human ailments.