Neurodevelopment represents one of the most complex and precisely orchestrated biological processes, encompassing the formation, migration, differentiation, and refinement of the nervous system from embryonic stages through early postnatal life. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental mechanisms underlying neural development, beginning with primary and secondary neurulation and the subsequent formation of the neural tube. We examine the molecular basis of axonal guidance, exploring the intricate signaling pathways mediated by netrins, semaphorins, slits, and ephrins that direct growing axons to their appropriate targets. The chapter details the critical role of morphogens, particularly Sonic Hedgehog and bone morphogenetic proteins, in establishing cellular identity and regional specification within the developing nervous system. Neurotrophin signaling and its essential function in neuronal survival and apoptosis are discussed, along with the mechanisms governing synapse formation at both neuromuscular and central synapses. Special attention is given to gliogenesis, including the molecular switches that transition neural progenitors from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, and the establishment of proper neuron-to-glia ratios. This chapter explores critical periods of neural plasticity and the cellular mechanisms underlying structural and functional plasticity throughout development. Finally, we examine patterns of neuronal migration and the clinical consequences of migration disorders, as well as current understanding of factors limiting and promoting spinal cord regeneration. Throughout, clinical correlations highlight how disruptions in these developmental processes manifest as recognizable neurological syndromes, providing essential context for medical practice.