Vitamin K antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs are commonly used antithrombotic agents for long-term prevention and treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis. Performing oral surgical procedures on patients taking these medications poses a significant clinical challenge, as the risk of perioperative bleeding must be carefully weighed against the potential risk of thromboembolic complications if antithrombotic therapy is interrupted. Given the high frequency of oral surgical procedures and the rising number of patients on anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, dentists must have a comprehensive understanding of how these medications work, their potential interactions with drugs commonly used in dental practice, strategies for preventing and managing postoperative bleeding complications, and current guidelines for managing these patients.