Introduction and Background
摘要
The global shift toward low-carbon energy systems has amplified interest in technologies such as geothermal energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS). These solutions offer promising pathways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, yet their deployment remains limited by operational, financial, and technical bar-riers. Central to both geothermal and CCS development are drilling operations, which represent one of the most cost-intensive and risk-prone components of pro-ject execution. Improving drilling reliability and efficiency is therefore critical not only for cost reduction but also for accelerating the adoption of sustainable subsurface technologies.