Climate change exacerbates existing social and economic inequalities, disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations based on gender, age, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. This study systematically examines how climate-related vulnerabilities shape differential access to adaptation and mitigation strategies, thereby influencing human well-being. Following the PRISMA framework, this review synthesizes literature from Scopus and Web of Science, drawing from empirical research across diverse global contexts. Findings reveal that low-income and marginalized groups face disproportionate climate risks while having limited access to the resources and systems necessary for adaptation. These populations are often situated in environmentally vulnerable areas, such as floodplains or drought-prone zones, and endure compounded insecurities related to food, water, and health. Socio-economic constraints, including income poverty, poor housing, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to healthcare, reduce their capacity to anticipate, absorb, and recover from climate-induced shocks. Furthermore, social barriers such as lack of education, language marginalization, and restricted mobility undermine their ability to engage with adaptation planning and early warning systems. The disparity is also reflected in global emissions patterns: while affluent groups are responsible for a disproportionate share of carbon emissions, vulnerable populations bear the brunt of environmental degradation. These patterns underscore that vulnerability is not merely a matter of physical exposure but is shaped by intersecting inequalities and structural exclusions that determine who adapts, how, and with what support. This review highlights the urgent need for intersectional climate policies to address systemic inequalities in vulnerability and adaptation. Aligning with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), targeted interventions must ensure equitable climate resilience and inclusive governance for marginalized populations.