Vitreoretinal surgery refers to a series of operations that alter the pathological state of the vitreous and retina through surgical means to achieve anatomical reattachment and functional recovery. This encompasses a variety of surgical procedures and their combinations. The patient’s individual condition and the surgeon’s level of experience jointly determine the most suitable surgical approach for each case. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is a critical component of vitreoretinal surgery; it is the most complex procedure and exhibits the greatest individual variability. In this chapter, we will focus on PPV and introduce the basic steps and underlying logic of vitreoretinal surgery.