This chapter reviews anesthesia considerations in lung transplantation, beginning with a historical overview that emphasizes the evolution of surgical and anesthetic techniques, as well as the central role of multidisciplinary collaboration. The preoperative section outlines principles of patient selection and systematic evaluation of major organ systems. Intraoperative management focuses on monitoring strategies, anesthetic induction, and lung-protective ventilation in the setting of compromised cardiopulmonary function. Postoperative care is addressed with emphasis on ventilator management, prevention and treatment of primary graft dysfunction, hemodynamic optimization, fluid management, neurological monitoring, analgesia, renal protection, nutritional support, infection prevention, and immunosuppressive therapy. This chapter underscores the importance of early, carefully coordinated interventions and a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to optimize outcomes in lung transplantation.