Presented in this chapter are the meanings, experiences, and institutional arrangements surrounding health (more commonly defined as the state of being free from illness or injury) and illness (i.e., a disease or period of sickness affecting the body or mind) in Africa. This includes how individuals, communities, and states respond to conditions of well-being and suffering. Health and illness are examined not only as biological states, but also as socially produced and culturally interpreted phenomena shaped by historical processes, power relations, and everyday social life. The chapter situates African experiences of health and illness within both local realities and global medical discourses by highlighting the interactions among indigenous knowledge systems and contemporary biomedical approaches.