Neither the manifest image nor the scientific image yields a complete description of “the man in the world”. Our discussion reveals that the ontological dichotomy between them is an artificial creation of a reductionist approach to knowledge. Both images reflect our ability to create useful but different representations that provide us with knowledge, the nature of which the other image is unable to deliver. The rivalry appears only if one takes each of them to provide a complete representation of human beings in competition with the other representation. Although human beings ultimately consist of quantum objects, quantum theory is still unable to account for its own presuppositions which are our perceptual experiences and epistemic rationality. Furthermore, a complete understanding of humans does not only place us as biological beings in physical surroundings. Apart from being biological creatures we are also social beings situated in a cultural environment. An exhaustive image is one in which we represent human beings such as we empirically understand ourselves not only as biological entities but also as social and cultural ones. Such a naturalist stance, I argue, comprises all kinds of realities, including human beings, regardless of whether these entities are considered natural, social or cultural, by repressing them as real entities that constantly interact with their surroundings or the context in which they are embedded. Such a naturalist representation provides all entities with observable features and a behavior that stem not merely from the internal composition of these entities, but also to a high degree from their interaction with other entities. A naturalist ontology is pluralistic and not reductively monistic.

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What Is It to Be a Human?

  • Jan Faye

摘要

Neither the manifest image nor the scientific image yields a complete description of “the man in the world”. Our discussion reveals that the ontological dichotomy between them is an artificial creation of a reductionist approach to knowledge. Both images reflect our ability to create useful but different representations that provide us with knowledge, the nature of which the other image is unable to deliver. The rivalry appears only if one takes each of them to provide a complete representation of human beings in competition with the other representation. Although human beings ultimately consist of quantum objects, quantum theory is still unable to account for its own presuppositions which are our perceptual experiences and epistemic rationality. Furthermore, a complete understanding of humans does not only place us as biological beings in physical surroundings. Apart from being biological creatures we are also social beings situated in a cultural environment. An exhaustive image is one in which we represent human beings such as we empirically understand ourselves not only as biological entities but also as social and cultural ones. Such a naturalist stance, I argue, comprises all kinds of realities, including human beings, regardless of whether these entities are considered natural, social or cultural, by repressing them as real entities that constantly interact with their surroundings or the context in which they are embedded. Such a naturalist representation provides all entities with observable features and a behavior that stem not merely from the internal composition of these entities, but also to a high degree from their interaction with other entities. A naturalist ontology is pluralistic and not reductively monistic.