Carbonation is the most common corrosion mechanism of reinforced concrete structures. The aim of the study is to examine how the parameters of the concrete and the local climate of an area affect the progress of the phenomenon. For this purpose, an accelerated carbonation experiment was carried out on the mixtures under consideration. The results were used in a certified carbonation depth prediction model, based on which, the necessary number of repairs and the long-term cost of a hypothetical structure were calculated. The experimental process showed that the type of cement used, and the strength class of the concrete have an impact on the carbonation depth of the concrete. Using an analytical model, it is concluded that areas with high relative humidity and a large number of days with precipitation per year exhibit reduced carbonation depths, as well as that increasing the wet curing period of concrete markedly increases the resistance of concrete to the phenomenon. Finally, using each material’s EPD value, total CO2 emissions were calculated for each case using LCA methodology, showcasing that emissions reduction when using new types of cement is ensured only after the application of prolonged wet curing periods.