Against the backdrop of global economic digitalization and profound geopolitical adjustments, the strategic significance of developing Russia’s Far East and China’s economic cooperation has become increasingly prominent. This research takes digital transformation as a starting point to explore the impact of international political and economic factors on China-Russia regional cooperation, analyze the innovation potential and implementation paths of both sides in the field of digital economy, and identify key challenges. Through literature review, case studies, and quantitative modeling, the authors revealed the mechanism of digital transformation on the efficiency of regional economic cooperation and put forward policy recommendations. The research aims to provide theoretical support and practical reference for deepening China-Russia digital economic cooperation and optimizing regional resource allocation. The research methodology combines a literature review with a case study approach. It integrates theoretical frameworks from international political economics, regional cooperation, and digital transformation while examining typical cases of collaboration between China and Russia’s Far East in sectors such as energy, logistics, and cross-border e-commerce. Additionally, a quantitative analysis is conducted by constructing a panel data model that links “digital transformation maturity” with “cooperation effectiveness.” Regression analysis is then used to test the hypotheses, utilizing data from China-Russia cooperation projects spanning from 2010 to 2023.