This chapter synthesizes the responses of pine forests, from leaf physiology to stand development and ecosystem processes, to climate change variables modified through experiments. We examine the effects of increased temperature and CO2 enrichment, along with moisture manipulation (both increases and decreases), followed by research on interactions between these variables and other factors like nutrient availability. Many studies on the effects of these variables were performed on seedlings; however, responses of seedlings have shown to misrepresent the behavior and performance of larger individuals and stands. Thus, we referenced some reviews and original studies on seedlings for context but synthesized almost exclusively the results from studies performed on saplings or larger individuals, done mostly in accruing stands (Cermak et al. 2007). The synthesis concludes with a modeling exercise that simulates the effects of these climate manipulations on pine forests focusing primarily on aboveground biomass accumulation and water yield available to downstream ecosystems and users. We explain high-level model results (e.g., changes in aboveground biomass accumulation and water yield) in terms of changes in physiological processes, making qualitative comparisons with data representing two temperate Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) stands, one in warm-moist climate and the other in warm-dry climate, and one stand of boreal P. sylvestris (Scots pine). We selected these species because they are among the most planted worldwide and among the most studied in climate change manipulation experiments, thus providing sufficient information for both informing the modeling exercise and evaluating the predictions of responses to climate change scenarios. The goal was to generate hypotheses about what might have happened if experiments were continued longer in time.