Volcanic regions present unique challenges and opportunities for local communities. This study examines the socio-economic livelihoods and environmental sustainability of communities in the Mount Merapi and Mount Kelud regions, focusing on the interplay between volcanic eruption patterns, community preparedness and livelihood systems. To examine the interactions between environmental pressures and community responses, this study integrates social-ecological systems theory and a Sustainable Livelihoods Framework through a mixed-methods approach. Key differences in eruption patterns, both frequent small eruptions at Mount Merapi and rare large eruptions at Mount Kelud, are examined, and their respective impacts on evacuation preparedness and community resilience. The socio-economic consequences of unregulated sand mining are also examined. Sand mining is driven by the abundance of volcanic material in the Mount Merapi region. High market demand for agricultural commodities in the Mount Kelud region has led to agricultural land degradation due to the excessive use of chemical fertilisers. These dynamics underscore the interconnectedness of ecological systems and livelihood strategies in volcanic regions. The research findings clearly demonstrate the need for an integrated social-ecological approach to address resource exploitation, promote sustainable development and build community resilience. Lessons learned from the communities of Mount Merapi and Kelud provide valuable insights into balancing socio-economic needs with environmental sustainability in high-risk volcanic regions.