Nigeria, the most populous Black country in Africa with a population of more than 230 million, is grappling with recurring homeland security challenges. These threats have not only overwhelmed the country over the last three government administrations, but they have also further decimated the global rating of the country. This chapter, therefore, has investigated the menace and resurgence of insecurity in Nigeria by analyzing the disturbing data and statistics. The role of police surveillance in counter-terrorism efforts in Nigeria will be examined while critically assessing fundamentals and practices in the field. In discussing this, the trajectories of Boko Haram and other splinter terrorist groups are well illustrated, with a view to addressing the present multifaceted security threats, which have snowballed into insurgency, banditry, kidnappings, and abductions. The chapter will conclude by drawing from insightful discourse and will develop thematic conclusions to enhance the operational efficacy of the Nigerian National Police in combating terrorism, insurgency, and banditry.