The increasing complexity of software systems has intensified the need for testing methodologies that guarantee quality, reliability, and efficiency during development. In this context, choosing between white-box and black-box testing presents a challenge for professionals, given the variety of technical and operational criteria involved. This study offers a comparative analysis of these two approaches through a systematic literature review and a survey. The research evaluated factors such as code coverage, ease of application, learning curve, integration with CI/CD pipelines, suitability for automation, and average execution time. Results show that black-box tests are preferred in scenarios requiring greater agility and compatibility with continuous delivery practices, while white-box tests prove more effective for detailed code analysis and detection of complex faults. The findings suggest that both methodologies have complementary characteristics, and their integrated use is recommended according to project specifics.