This paper takes the key oasis city cluster in the military-civil areas on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains as the research object. Based on the observation data of meteorology, air quality investigation, remote sensing retrieval data, and socio-economic statistical data from 2005 to 2024, this paper conducts a systematic analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics, causes and influencing factors of severe air pollution events and impact on human health, agro-ecosystems, and the stability of oasis systems. Trend analysis, source apportionment, meteorological condition diagnosis, multiple sourced data fusion, the study found a season pattern where winters have concentrated pollution, summers frequent O3 pollution, and springs have periodical desert dust storms pollution. Primary pollution sources mainly include industrial coal combustion, vehicle emissions, dust re-suspension, agricultural sources, and adverse meteorological factors combined with evapotranspiration-induced humidification of oases worsen pollution accumulation. Results show that heavy pollution events significantly enhance respiratory and cardiovascular disease risks, suppress crop photosynthesis, reduce the carbon sequestration and windbreak-sand fixation functions of shelterbelts, and pose long-term challenges for oasis stability through soil degradation, local climate imbalance, and hydrological cycle disruption. On this basis, build an integrated pollution monitoring and early warning system with ground-based observation, satellite remote sensing and numerical prediction, and a full-coverage of military-civil combined control technology path and application demonstration. The results supply theoretical grounds and tech.