At present, China's railway industry is in a period of vigorous development. However, railway construction has also triggered a series of environmental issues, and new lines are facing ecological challenges. As an important transportation route, railways play a crucial role in enhancing regional transportation networks and fostering development along the routes. However, due to their passage through ecologically diverse areas, the construction process may have an impact on the local ecology. This study aims to analyze and summarize the environmental impacts and protection measures of railway construction in existing ecologically sensitive areas, systematically expound the ecological environment characteristics and the effect of railways on the ecological environment. At the same time, taking the Jidayuan Railway as an example, it proposes scientific and reasonable ecological environment protection measures. It analyzes in detail the impact of the Jidayuan Railway on ecologically sensitive areas and effective protection measures, providing a reference basis for ecological environment protection in similar railway construction projects and operations.