This scientific study examines the factors influencing the decision of rural populations to engage in non-agricultural activities. The research utilizes social survey data collected from 1,428 households across 14 districts in the Samarkand region. Variables representing general characteristics such as provision of technical services for production and transport, distances to the district center and main roads, and distances to social service facilities were grouped using a Latent Class (Gaussian) analysis model. Additionally, indicators reflecting rural infrastructure services were indexed through a Factor Analysis model. To economically assess the factors affecting rural residents’ decisions to participate in non-agricultural activities, a Probit model was employed. The results indicate that groups representing household access to technical services, distances to the district center and main roads, distances to social service facilities, and the rural infrastructure index have statistically significant effects at the 1% significance level (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, conclusions and recommendations are formulated to mitigate the factors influencing rural populations’ engagement in non-agricultural activities.