What does it mean for a state to “integrate” newcomers, and how have these meanings changed over time and across contexts? This chapter delves into the political logics that have shaped immigrant integration policies in Europe, with a particular focus on how such policies articulate ideas of nationhood, belonging, and citizenship. Integration is not simply a technical matter of social adjustment or legal inclusion; it is a deeply contested site where liberal-democratic ideals confront nationalist, socio-economic, and cultural anxieties.