Smart manufacturing can be treated as an enterprise that adopts Industry 4.0/Industry 5.0 (I4.0/I5.0) technologies with the objective of enhancing process efficiency. A key challenge in this context is the automation of product quality control through the integration of selected I4.0/I5.0 technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the smart manufacturing concept and reviews the currently available methods and tools that support quality control of heat-treated components. Next, a novel approach to quality control for heat-treated parts is proposed. Specifically, using the example of the heat treatment process, a catalog of potential quality defects was developed, and a procedure for their automatic detection was defined prior to their occurrence, utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) in accordance with the Smart Manufacturing concept. Next, the experimental studies involving the heat treatment of 84 rollers manufactured from 20MnCr5 and 18CrNiMo7–6 are provided. Subsequently, the challenges associated with the implementation of this approach were identified.