This study presents a comprehensive tri-decadal analysis of the determinants of export performance in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, contextualized by the country’s transition under the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) regime. Leveraging a unique longitudinal dataset of 79 leading firms (1994–2023), the research employs the Resource-Based View (RBV) to distinguish between knowledge-based and property-based resources and evaluates their evolving impact across three transformative decades. The results demonstrate that firm resources, such as R&D intensity, marketing capability, technological imports, and profitability, were most influential in the first post-TRIPS decade, coinciding with India’s patent regime transition. Subsequent decades reveal diminished resource significance, with the import of raw materials and sales growth emerging as key drivers. Declining reliance on imported inputs signals increasing industry self-sufficiency and adaptation to global shocks, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The study advances literature by evidencing decadal variations in export determinants and underlining strategic resource allocation for sustained global competitiveness. Managerial and policy implications emphasize targeted innovation investment, adaptive marketing strategies, and resilient supply chains in emerging markets exposed to international regulatory realignments. This chapter examines how firm-level resources have shaped the export performance of the Indian pharmaceutical industry over three decades since the onset of TRIPS and global patent regime changes. By analyzing data from 79 firms—representing nearly 70% of total industry exports—the study provides actionable insights into the relative importance of knowledge-based (e.g., R&D, marketing, imports, royalties) versus property-based resources (profitability, debt-equity). Key findings reveal a significant rise in export intensity from 33.9% (1994–2003) to 60.7% (2014–2023), indicating global competitiveness and sectoral transformation. For managers, the results highlight that firm resources, especially R&D intensity and strategic investments in marketing and technology, played a more substantial role in export success during the first decade post-TRIPS. Over subsequent decades, the determinants of export growth shifted, with import of raw materials and ongoing sales performance emerging as the key drivers. The decline in dependence on imported inputs further signals evolving self-sufficiency. This chapter offers practical recommendations for sustaining export growth: prioritize innovation investments, adapt marketing strategies to shifting global demand, and streamline supply chain dependencies. The findings equip owners, senior executives, and policymakers with evidence-based guidance to enhance export competitiveness and strategic agility in an industry vulnerable to global regulatory shifts.