This chapter reviews recent studies on the application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for wood quality assessment. The NIR method has been proven to be a reliable, inexpensive, and rapid alternative to traditional destructive testing methods. A growing body of research has demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool for measuring the chemical, anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of wood. The analytical capability of NIR spectroscopy is considered very useful in forest plantation settings, where rapid and easy application is an advantage. In the future, there will be more prospects for analytical studies on the effects of silvicultural treatment on wood quality with the advancement of NIR technology.