In the wake of military defeats by the perceived Western powers and Japan, early twentieth-century China initiated a transformation of gender roles and identities towards modernisation. Translators emerged as active participants by introducing Western gender discourses. This chapter examines how Wu Guangjian, one of the period's most prolific yet under-researched translators, represents women's sense and sexuality in his renderings of English literature. Through analysis of translations from eighteenth-century plays, She Stoops to Conquer and The School for Scandal, to the nineteenth-century novel Jane Eyre, this study explores how gendered cultural terms became sites of negotiation between Chinese and Western values, and between tradition and modernity, within contemporaneous debates on women. The findings indicate that Wu foregrounds two issues in the women's questions: education and sexuality. The coupling of modern educational ideals, or the “new mind”, with an “old body” governed by traditional sexual morality positions Wu simultaneously as a national enlightener and a patriarchal gatekeeper. This study, therefore, both acknowledges and problematises translator's power in mediating gender, highlighting the patriarchal biases that constrain its transformative potential.