The mineral supply chain is crucial for AI and data centers because these technologies depend on a steady, secure supply of critical minerals such as copper, silicon, gallium, aluminum, and rare earth elements. These minerals are essential for manufacturing semiconductors, power distribution systems, cooling networks, high-speed processors, and storage devices that underpin AI infrastructure and data center operations. By 2030, data centers supporting AI are projected to drive approximately 2% of global copper and silicon demand, over 3% for rare earth elements, and a significant 11% for gallium. This surge is shifting the focus of mineral supply chains from electric vehicles to AI, with policymakers and industry leaders warning of potential shortages and increased competition for these resources. Mining and processing these minerals have significant environmental footprints, including habitat destruction, water usage, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. [2, 3] This chapter explores these dynamics, drawing on U.S. government frameworks, key minerals and their functions, supply chain stages, environmental challenges (with a focus on water and copper mining)1, and pathways toward responsible practices. By balancing AI growth with environmental safeguards, stakeholders can foster a more sustainable future.