Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) is emerging as a climate-resilient, nutrient-rich cereal with significant potential for carbon sequestration. This chapter examines its role in global food security, especially in drylands, by analyzing its C4 physiology, stress tolerance, and adaptive traits. The objectives are to evaluate proso millet’s agronomic and physiological responses to climate stress, assess its capacity for soil carbon storage, and explore modeling and remote-sensing tools to optimize its production. The study analyses field tests and computer simulation experiments, such as climate change impact modeling using APSIM, yield prediction using remote sensing and multiple site genotype analysis. Intercropping with legumes, precision farming (e.g. Sentinel-2-based nitrogen control), and maintaining residue to develop soil organic carbon are some of the key mitigation methods. Results shows that there is water use efficiency of 4.8–5.4 kg grain/mm in dryland experiments in the U.S., yield is 0.75 t/ha under combined heat, salinity and drought in UAE accessions and soil carbon gain of 0.12–0.34 t C/ha/year in rotation systems. Genetic analysis of the genetic diversity in Kazakhstan revealed accessions that had the lowest GDD of 850 and frost tolerance to − 4 °C. The proso millet versatile and the low input requirements suggests that it can be used in the future as a solution to sustainable low carbon farming in the future climate conditions.