Status of Temporal Variations of Glacier Area in the Teesta Basin (India) Between 1988 and 2019
摘要
The current study aims to identify the temporal status of the glacial area changes for more than three decades in the Teesta basin in India. Twenty-two glaciers have been analyzed, and inferential statistics have concluded the entire Teesta basin. At first, medium-resolution Landsat TM data for 1988 and 2008, ETM+ for 2000, and OLI data for 2014 and 2019 have been manually digitized to identify glacial boundaries and glacial area for 1988, 2000, 2008, 2014, and 2019. As the period in the various time frames is not equal, the average annual area changes have been calculated between these time frames where 1988–2000 is marked as a time frame one, 2000–08 as a time frame two, and so on. The non-parametric Friedman test and Dunn-Bonferroni pairwise test have been introduced to evaluate the temporal status of the area changes. Finally, a 95% confidence interval was made from the bootstrapping sampling procedure. The results show that the average annual area changes lie between 0.3–0.62, 0.35–1.3, 0.32–0.82, and 0.63–2.07 km2 between the first- and fourth-time frames. The result also indicates that the area loss has been accelerated after 2014.