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Surface water has its vital effect—reducing microclimate, sustaining biodiversity and more. In recent decades, the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) has witnessed a drastic decline in surface water resources due to unplanned urban expansion and weak enforcement of environmental regulations. Despite formal recognition of their importance in urban planning frameworks such as the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) and Detailed Area Plan (DAP), surface water bodies continue to be encroached upon at an alarming rate. Analyzing temporal changes in surface water in the DMA using satellite imagery from Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 and using Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to classify surface water and non-water areas and to quantify and map spatiotemporal dynamics. The results reveal a substantial decrease in surface water, from 108.43 km2 in 2000 to just 24 km2 in 2020, representing a 77.9% decline over two decades. During the same period, non-water surfaces expanded from approximately 225 km2 to over 309 km2, indicating a significant conversion of aquatic areas into urban land uses. We discussed the influence of DMDP and DAP on surface water dynamics. This chapter emphasizes the urgent need for integrated spatial data-driven management strategies. By leveraging GIS and remote sensing technologies, urban planners and policymakers can establish a comprehensive digital database for continuous monitoring and evidence-based interventions. Strengthening institutional mechanisms and enforcing urban planning tools such as DAP are critical to curbing further losses and restoring the ecological functions of surface water systems in Dhaka.

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Integrating Geospatial Evidence into Urban Water Management: Lessons from Surface Water Dynamics in Dhaka, Bangladesh

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Muhtasim Ahmed,
  • Kazi Jihadur Rashid,
  • Rowshon Ara Toma

摘要

Surface water has its vital effect—reducing microclimate, sustaining biodiversity and more. In recent decades, the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) has witnessed a drastic decline in surface water resources due to unplanned urban expansion and weak enforcement of environmental regulations. Despite formal recognition of their importance in urban planning frameworks such as the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) and Detailed Area Plan (DAP), surface water bodies continue to be encroached upon at an alarming rate. Analyzing temporal changes in surface water in the DMA using satellite imagery from Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 and using Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to classify surface water and non-water areas and to quantify and map spatiotemporal dynamics. The results reveal a substantial decrease in surface water, from 108.43 km2 in 2000 to just 24 km2 in 2020, representing a 77.9% decline over two decades. During the same period, non-water surfaces expanded from approximately 225 km2 to over 309 km2, indicating a significant conversion of aquatic areas into urban land uses. We discussed the influence of DMDP and DAP on surface water dynamics. This chapter emphasizes the urgent need for integrated spatial data-driven management strategies. By leveraging GIS and remote sensing technologies, urban planners and policymakers can establish a comprehensive digital database for continuous monitoring and evidence-based interventions. Strengthening institutional mechanisms and enforcing urban planning tools such as DAP are critical to curbing further losses and restoring the ecological functions of surface water systems in Dhaka.