Numerous factors influence the design and implementation of a new research project. The motivations for doing a study may vary: for example, answering a question left from a previous experiment, exploring the variables involved in a novel field, or perhaps devising a practical application. These different aims have profound effects on the way a research question is posed, how the hypothesis is derived, the experimental protocol, and the methods used for data analysis. In EEG studies, designing a study also requires consideration of resource availability, participant welfare, and precision of the measurements. Together, these factors guide the design of studies that aim to generate new and reliable knowledge. This chapter aims to present an integral perspective on study design, while highlighting the various nuances to consider at each stage of the process.