The research aims to develop a scientific and methodological approach to the legal and regulatory framework governing the mechanism of climate-smart agriculture in Russia, enabling a more complete realization of its potential to ensure the sustainable development of rural areas and strengthen food security. To this end, the authors conducted a systemic analysis of official statistics related to this mechanism in Russia for the period 2013–2025. The approach developed as a result of the research includes, first, a quantitative assessment of the dependence of rural sustainability on the development of climate-smart agriculture, as well as the susceptibility of this development to the influence of e-commerce and e-government factors in Russia. Second, the authors proposed a public administration instrument for managing the climate-smart agriculture mechanism in Russia, namely the promotion of e-government services among agricultural organizations. Third, the authors presented a comprehensive vision of future opportunities for the sustainable development of rural areas and Russia’s food security based on climate-smart agriculture through 2030 is presented. The research concludes that a regulatory-neutral scenario will lead to restrained development of climate-smart agriculture, whereas its potential can be more fully realized under a regulatory-enhanced scenario. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in clarifying the current legal and regulatory platform underpinning the implementation of the climate-smart agriculture mechanism in Russia. The empirical contribution consists of practical recommendations for strengthening this platform in support of more sustainable rural development and more comprehensive food security.