The research aims to develop a managerial approach to climate-smart agriculture that can improve the quality of agricultural products and support the sustainable development of rural areas amid today’s realities of global economic uncertainty. To achieve this, the author synthesizes data from 2023 to 2025 on the world’s leading countries in terms of projected rural population growth in 2025, including Central Asian nations (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan), developed European countries (Austria and Ireland), African states (Niger, Chad, and Egypt), and Middle Eastern countries (Qatar and Saudi Arabia). Using regression analysis, the author constructed a model to mathematically describe how the sustainability of rural development depends on climate-smart quality management of agricultural products under conditions of global economic uncertainty. The model’s theoretical significance lies in its integrated view of how climatic, technological, and trade-economic factors influence the sustainability of rural development in the current global context. The research concludes that the key measures of climate-smart agricultural quality management that foster sustainable rural development amid global economic uncertainty are proactive climate-change mitigation in agriculture through smart technologies and the commitment of agricultural organizations to innovative climate-smart solutions. The proposed new approach to climate-smart quality management of agricultural products, specifically adapted to conditions of global economic uncertainty, is grounded in these measures. This approach has practical value because it could increase the annual rural population growth rate by 2027 to 1.930% in Central Asia, 0.95% in developed European countries, 6.66% in African nations, and 5.96% in Middle Eastern countries.