The agricultural waste power generation supply chain is a comprehensive system that converts agricultural waste into electricity. This supply chain mainly includes the collection, processing, storage, transportation, and biomass power generation of agricultural waste. Agricultural waste is the main raw material for biomass power generation. The construction and operation of the agricultural waste power generation supply chain require the participation of various parties, including farmers, research institutions, enterprises, and the government. The efficient operation of the agricultural waste power generation supply chain system requires the joint efforts of all stakeholders. Due to the different objectives and activities of the participants, the supply chain has many characteristics. Here, the agricultural waste power generation supply chain system will be studied by analyzing the supply chain model, supply chain characteristics, and influencing factors.