This chapter analyses the structural and discursive dynamics of Iran’s identity conflicts, focusing on how neighbouring and transnational narratives-particularly Turkish, Kurdish, and Arab discourses-interact with Iran’s internal identity debates. It explores how regional politics and cross-border media shape domestic perceptions of ethnicity, religion, and nationalism. By applying relative deprivation theory and conflict analysis, the chapter identifies how Iran’s elite fragmentation and geopolitical anxieties reinforce identity polarisation. It concludes that Iran’s identity conflicts are not isolated but rather embedded in a regional matrix of competing symbolic and political projects.