This chapter investigates nationalism and national identity in contemporary Iran through a historical and discursive lens. It begins with the legacy of Pahlavi-era antiquated revivalism (Bastan-garai) and examines how Islamic revolutionary discourse redefined national belonging after 1979. The analysis highlights the tensions between Islamism and nationalism, tracing their convergence and divergence in different political phases (1979–2024). It further explores elite conflicts, ethnocentrism, and the transformation of identity discourse in Iran’s political movements. Drawing on theories of discourse and social identity, the chapter explains how national identity remains a contested space shaped by competing claims to authenticity, modernity, and faith.