This chapter outlines the research hypothesis and methodology guiding the study. It posits that Iran’s identity crisis is not a singular phenomenon but the outcome of multiple overlapping discourses—religious, ethnic, and nationalist—each vying for dominance. The chapter explains the qualitative-interpretive method used, combining discourse analysis, historical interpretation, and comparative sociology. It describes how theoretical concepts are operationalised to analyse texts, speeches, and policies across historical periods. By grounding theory in empirical data, the chapter ensures a coherent methodological bridge between abstract analysis and socio-political realities.