Artisanal fisheries contribute significantly to nutrition, food security, job creation, and poverty alleviation in the Republic of Mauritius. However, limited data on the socioeconomic status of artisanal fishers hinders effective policymaking for sustainable fisheries management. This study compared the socioeconomic status of artisanal fishers on the western and eastern coasts of Mauritius through a questionnaire survey. Findings reveal that artisanal fishing is male dominated, with younger generations reluctant to join due to its perceived low status. Daily fishing trips for both regions are, on average, 2–4 hours and yield between 3 and 11 kg of fish. Hand and lines were the primary fishing technique in both regions, followed by basket traps, with commonly caught species including Lethrinus spp., Scarus spp., Epinephelus spp., Siganus spp., Mullus spp., and Carangoides spp. Monthly earnings of most artisanal fishers in Mauritius range from USD 500 to USD 750. Challenges faced by fishers include market access issues, price fluctuations, exploitation by middlemen, and inadequate demand. Dissatisfaction with livelihoods underscores the urgent need for capacity building in marketing, skill development, and improved access to capital and equipment. Despite regional similarities in socioeconomic conditions, the study highlights critical opportunities for fisheries authorities to develop innovative policies and initiatives aimed at revitalizing artisanal fisheries, fostering sustainable fisheries management, and strengthening the blue economy in Mauritius.