Mining activities play a crucial role in the economy, but chronic exposure to heavy metals from gold extraction poses significant health risks. This study aimed to systematically review the health effects associated with prolonged exposure to these metals, focusing on symptoms and diseases affecting workers and nearby populations. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, analyzing studies on the impact of heavy metal exposure in mining environments. The most relevant finding indicates a strong association between prolonged exposure to heavy metals and neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular disorders. The results highlight the urgent need for preventive measures and health monitoring programs for affected populations. In conclusion, understanding these health risks is essential to implement policies that mitigate long-term damage and improve the well-being of exposed individuals.