This chapter explores the diverse characteristics, motivations, and barriers of today’s online learners. It examines how factors such as technology access, time management, and learner intent influence persistence and success in online courses. The chapter highlights key course-level considerations that shape learner decisions to continue or withdraw and introduces the use of learner profiles as a tool for anticipating needs and preferences. By addressing these issues, the chapter provides instructors, instructional designers, and administrators with practical insights for supporting engagement, retention, and learner-centered design.