Hydrogeological Assessment of Mawar Basin, Kupwara: Groundwater Fluctuation Analysis
摘要
This study detailed spatial and temporal variation results of groundwater table variation from two seasons such as winter and autumn in the central part of the Mawar basin, Kupwara. There were 20 observatory wells adopted for water level measurement in both seasons. ArcGIS was used for spatial analysis of water levels. A direct relation was observed between elevation and water level. The topographical variation is between 1662 to 1838 m with an average elevation of 1734 m from sea level. The water table fluctuated between 1.42 m to 8.66 m during autumn, and 0.3 m to 6.7 m during winter. The more deviation was observed during the autumn season (Standard deviation: autumn = 1.57 > winter = 1.3). The values of the arithmetic and harmonic means revealed an inverse relationship: more wells were classified as shallow according to the arithmetic mean, while fewer wells were classified as shallow according to the harmonic mean. A maximum temporal variation of 2.26 m (WW19) and a minimum of 0.76 m (WW4) were observed. The central region displayed shallow and medium water levels, while the eastern part displayed deeper water levels relative to that of the central part. The central region also showed higher infiltration. On the other hand, a portion of the western side and the entire eastern side resembled more groundwater extraction, which resulted in deeper levels. This could be attributed to the accumulation of clay from the Plio-Pleistocene Karwas formations.