The supply chains of fruits and vegetables face multiple challenges due to growing global demand, high volumes of losses and waste, and the significant environmental impact generated by their operations. Furthermore, the logistics management of fruits and vegetables is more intricate because of the perishability of these products and the uncertainty factors, such as fruit availability. In this study, we analyze the current state of research on fruits and vegetables supply chains within the field of Operations Research, emphasizing decisions about supply chain design and distribution network planning, the approaches used to address sustainability pillars, uncertainty, and the inherent characteristics of these products (e.g., perishability). The initial stage of this study focused on determining the sources and databases to be utilized, as well as defining the search strategies and equations. Subsequently, we established the inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting relevant studies and defined the categories used to analyze the research. Finally, we examined 57 research papers and 7 review articles. The most significant findings reveal that only a limited number of studies simultaneously address the three dimensions of sustainability, along with the uncertainty intrinsic to these supply chains. Additionally, half of the models fail to consider key characteristics of fruits and vegetables, and few models incorporate packaging or cold chain management decisions. Moreover, we identified persistent gaps, including the need for complementary indicators to CO₂ emissions. In particular, greater attention should be given to closed-loop supply chain strategies that take advantage of residues generated along the supply chain.