Robotics and autonomous systems is one of the most dynamic and changeful spheres of contemporary technologies that radically alters scientific studies, industrial manufacturing, and the human–environment interface. In this chapter, the author analyses the principle, technological elements, and real-life uses of robotics and autonomous systems with special focus on how they have helped in the development of scientific studies and in curbing the current issues within the society. We discuss how basic automation has developed to be intelligent and adaptive, able to work in unstructured environments, the convergence of technologies of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the adoption of applications in healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, and scientific exploration. Critical societal implications, such as workforce transformation, ethical considerations, and challenges in accessibility, are discussed in the chapter, and the future frontiers of research in extreme environment robotics, AI-enhanced decision-making and sustainable robotics are identified. By thoroughly examining the existing capabilities and future opportunities we show that robotics can act both as a technological enabler as well as an innovation driver in various fields.