Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina L.), originating in India and now cultivated across Asia, Tropical Africa, and South America, is valued for managing diabetes and inflammation due to its bioactive compounds and serves important roles in culinary traditions. This chapter reviews post-harvest techniques, nutritional composition of mesocarp and seeds, and nutraceutical properties like cardioprotective, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and gastro-protective effects. Comprehensive focus addresses contemporary cultivation methodologies, specialized post-harvest handling and preservation protocols, detailed nutritional composition profiling of mesocarp tissues and seed components, physicochemical characterization and inherent nutritive value assessment, multidimensional nutraceutical benefits encompassing cardioprotective mechanisms, anticancer efficacy, antidiabetic effects, antimalarial and antibacterial action etc. alongside contemporary applications in functional food and pharmaceutical formulations.