Counterfeit drugs are still a grave threat to global health, particularly for low- and middle-income nations, where it's estimated one of ten of their medical products are substandard or falsified. Traditional supply chain structures are heavily dependent on centralized databases and trust relationships between manufacturers, distributors, regulators, and end-consumers. However, they are prone to information silos, desynchronized latency, and insider manipulation, which make them ineffective for sophisticated counterfeiting methodologies. To exceed these limitations, here we propose a blockchain-based provenance verification mechanism based on Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as tamper-proof digital tokens of aeries of pharmaceutical products. Manufacturing and distributions metadata are stored on each NFT, which are deposited onto a blockchain (Polygon) via intelligent contracts. Authorized parties, at each supply chain step, insert updates, forming a tamper-evident, timestamped, and open audit log. A QR codes framework links a real-world product item to its on-chain NFT record, enabling end-consumers to authenticate via a decentralized, intermediary less mechanism, taking a fraction of a second, and requiring a tiny fraction of a penny for each authentication request processing fee. The solution is scalable, economical, and interoperable, rendering it real-world deployable at mass scale. Analysis highlights advantages of a decentralized, trustless architecture for increasing transparency, pre-venting counterfeiting, and recovering consumer trust for global Pharma distribution.

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NFT and Blockchain-Based Provenance Verification for Counterfeit Prevention in Pharmaceutical Supply Chains

  • Maryam Bahlooli,
  • Shlok Manwatkar,
  • Megha Beria,
  • Deepali Vora,
  • Jitendra Rajpurohit

摘要

Counterfeit drugs are still a grave threat to global health, particularly for low- and middle-income nations, where it's estimated one of ten of their medical products are substandard or falsified. Traditional supply chain structures are heavily dependent on centralized databases and trust relationships between manufacturers, distributors, regulators, and end-consumers. However, they are prone to information silos, desynchronized latency, and insider manipulation, which make them ineffective for sophisticated counterfeiting methodologies. To exceed these limitations, here we propose a blockchain-based provenance verification mechanism based on Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as tamper-proof digital tokens of aeries of pharmaceutical products. Manufacturing and distributions metadata are stored on each NFT, which are deposited onto a blockchain (Polygon) via intelligent contracts. Authorized parties, at each supply chain step, insert updates, forming a tamper-evident, timestamped, and open audit log. A QR codes framework links a real-world product item to its on-chain NFT record, enabling end-consumers to authenticate via a decentralized, intermediary less mechanism, taking a fraction of a second, and requiring a tiny fraction of a penny for each authentication request processing fee. The solution is scalable, economical, and interoperable, rendering it real-world deployable at mass scale. Analysis highlights advantages of a decentralized, trustless architecture for increasing transparency, pre-venting counterfeiting, and recovering consumer trust for global Pharma distribution.